SENES has been in the forefront of development and application of mathematical models for predicting ARD. SENES developed the original UTAP code in the early 1980s that subsequently developed into the RATAP model in the mid 1980s, which is commercially available from CANMET. Our source term codes have since been enhanced significantly and have been developed into several proprietary models for use in-house. These models simulate chemical and biological sulphide oxidation, kinetic- and equilibrium-controlled geochemical processes (i.e., dissolution, precipitation and adsorption), and diffusive and advective oxygen transport. The models are used to compare various tailings and waste rock disposal strategies in order to select the most appropriate ARD control option in support of permit applications and liability assessments. For more information please see our page on Geochemical Modelling and Assessment.